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S  0p ``  X*  0и `   Z*  0 `   Z*<  c $޽h ? ̙33 Default Design0 @(    01 P   t T*    01    t V*    61 `P  t T*    61 `  t V*  H  0޽h ? ̙33 0!(    <Pkp LESSENTIALS OF GLYCOBIOLOGY  <H`  Lecture 30 May 18, 2004,  <`H  yMarilynn Etzler Section of Molecular and Cellular Biology University of California Davis, CA 95616 (meetzler@ucdavis.edu)zz  <@Hj p 6FREE GLYCANS AND THEIR ROLES AS SIGNALING MOLECULES776  B  s *޽h ? ̙33 80@P(  P P <@W0``  ALECTURE OUTLINE P <@T0@C\  {} Background Oligosaccharide signals trigger the initiation of the plant defense response Nod factor signals initiate the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium-legume symbiosis Chitin oligosaccharide signals in plant defense and early animal development Other oligosaccharide signals in early plant and animal development Pattern recognition receptors and innate immunity @! 1! 1!"9! 3!  $ q< P c $޽h ? ̙33  a Y PT (  T T <S0P U Background: !   T <Z0j  <  T <Y0@: o)Potential of oligosaccharides as signals:** * T <` ]1) Variety of linkages between monomers enables a large number of conformational variations.^^ ^ T <P0n j$Portion of Table shown in Lecture 1:%% %8 `  T`  T <`Z  |6Macromolecule Protein Nucleic Acid Carbohydrate77 7  T <& ` Z  x2Building block Amino acids Nucleotides Hexoses33 3  T <Pf`Z  KPossible variations in a trimer 6 6 1,056 to 27,648LL LZB  T s *Do` ZB  T s *Do` ZB T s *Do``TB T c $DTB T c $DTB T c $Dx x ZB T s *Do  TB T c $D` TB T c $D`  T <   s-2) Many hydroxyls available for modification... .< T c $޽h ? ̙33 `%B` (  ` ` <r  g#Basic elements of signaling system:$$ $ ` <wfq LSignal   ` <0gM >   +` <U U h >   ` nB3CDEF88""3d.p"{eC''{uup_N'8>!Y{ '2(C3T3dFH@`l & 8 T 0  :`D  N ` BC>DEF88(388|8U88>>>p>=>88 3(oY!=''-8 8 IY j,=N_dd_N-=D'`v  ,_rt@` uH ` C T  8@ ,U  8`@0 x ` HBjC9DExF888HYd-jHjHjjd Y#H489898989!4# HH-!888>@@`f,0 H ` C L  H ` C    ` B-C!DEF!'- ! @`Z   ` B-CDEF--- @`CZ   ` B'C(DEF'""('" @`+ b  ` B,C(DEF ("!, ( @` 5  ` BC3DEF 3- 3 @`> f8  ` BC3DEF-3 - @` 8 H ` C  U ( ` BCDEPFZjee>jj>"> ee ">j*,@`q C : %` 3  > &` BCjDE\Ff888={C_NCT'_djj _T-C2828-' 04@`^  '` nB.CDEF88"".d(p{ {_C""{ {uuj_I"8>!Tv !2#C.T.dFH@`fXB 5` 0DoPf8 8  9`  N  ` BC?DEF88(399|9O9999?k?>999 3(pZ">('-8 8 CZ k{->N_ee_ N(8D'`q  -_rt@`vH "` C 8 x 7` HBdC:DExF222HYd-dIdIddd Y$H42:2:2:2:!4$ II-!222>@@`n  ;` <p` NReceptor  XB <` 0Do   =` <wP 1 ]Transduction mechanism XB >` 0DoP `  ?` <0    NResponse  RB @` s *D  ` RB A` s *D   RB B` s *DP   H ` 0޽h ? ̙33f    pX (  X X <P P  W Cell wall   X <С04  <Pathogen  X <  <Pathogen XB X 0D>  X <9 \  <Elicitor XB X 0D>!    X <0`w <Elicitor XB  X 0D>RB  X s *D> `   X <P 0  ]Plasma membraneXB X 0D>   XB  X 0D>  X <ЧQ t 8  cEarly Plant Responses X <0 T N,Changes in ion fluxes Oxidative burst H2O2 and O2 Activation of early defense-related genes Phytoalexin production Structural changes in cell walls&bP     X <6  ^Plant Defense Responses:  X <`@ Q Oligosaccharide Signals Trigger the Initiation of the Plant Defense Response(=!R RRB X s *D> `  H X 0޽h ? ̙339   !  (   8 8 `   0 @ `R   01 `R   01  `R   01` I i `R   01I i `R   01`I i `R   01I i `R   01`I i ZB   s *DoP  ZB   s *Do  ZB   s *DoP  ZB   s *Do    <@ p  Hb3(   <­9  Hb6(   <­-9 @  Hb6(   <í9   Hb6(   <@ĭ 9 3  Hb6(   <ŭ p  Hb3(  <ŭ  fIsolated from cell walls  <@ǭP ^Elicits phytoalexin production in soybean seedlings Structure confirmed by chemical synthesis__  <  i  t"Hepta-b-glucoside6 E ! < z wThe first oligosaccharide signal was identified in the fungus, Phytophthora megasperma, a fungal pathogen of soybean.4xA  x<  c $޽h ? ̙33! v!n!>O(!(  (Z ( <` RRelative Activities of Oligo-b-Glucosides0* H   ( <  K NRelative Elicitor Activity ( <@P K MRelative Binding ActivityXR ( 018 X XR ( 01@` XR ( 01@` XR ( 01 @ XR ( 01  XR ( 01 @ XR ( 01  XR ( 01 @ RB ( s *Do  RB ( s *Do P RB  ( s *Do  RB !( s *Do P  "( <`9   Hb3( #( <  m  Hb6( $( <   Hb6( %( < `s  Hb6( &( <`   Hb6( '( < 9   Hb3( (( <PlX  E= reduced glucoseXR )( 01 XR *( 01 XR +( 01 @XR ,( 01XR -( 01 @XR .( 01XR /( 01 @RB 0( s *DoyzRB 1( s *DoyPzRB 2( s *DoyzRB 3( s *DoyPz 4( <l Hb3( 5( <pmm Hb6( 6( <0n Hb6( 7( <n`s Hb6( 8( <o Hb6( 9( <pp Hb3(XR :( 01 XR ;( 01 pXR <( 01 XR =( 01 pXR >( 01 RB ?( s *DoyzRB @( s *Doy` zRB A( s *DoyzRB B( s *Doy` z C( <0q=P Hb6( D( <q Hb6( E( <r0C Hb6( F( <ps Hb6(XR G( 01 p)  H( <0t }  Hb3(XR I( 01 )  J( <t   Hb3(XR K( 01 L( <up Hb3( M( <pv  ['1000 1000(( N( <Т   _+ 270 93,, O( <0  T b. 1.2 1.3//< ( c $޽h ? ̙33 ?7\(  \7 \ < O Nod factor signals initiate the nitrogen-fixing Rhizobium-legume symbiosisN1! 1  PX \ C 0AA:\SYMB.WMF`H \ 0޽h ? ̙33     B (   x   <A ??`4&    <00 R GENERIC STRUCTURE OF NOD FACTORS!!^  63>0 `^  63>P0 @^  63> ^  63>`P^  63>p^  63>@`^  63>`  <P +`  `R1 = H, Methyl6    <p +  BR2 = C16:2, C16:3 C18:1, C18:3, C18:4 C20:3, C20:46C A  <0 @m \ R3 = H, Cb6     <P@m \ R4 = H, Cb6     <p 3 X  \ R5 = H, Ac6      < ; D DR6 = H, Ac, SO4 Fuc AcFuc MeFucTE     <P K?D  iR7 = H Glycerol6   <PGw f^  = n = 1 - 4 <  c $޽h ? ̙33 h`-7,(  , , <pH:(@ Q Chitin oligosaccharide signals in plant defense and early animal development&1!!RQ , <I$ k7Elicit alkalinization of medium of tomato cell cultures888 R0 7,gR , <PJ R; U!Biological activity (nanomolar)""Z , s *Z , s *PpZB , s *Do`P`Z , s *ZB  , s *Dop``Z  , s *PpZB  , s *Do`P`Z  , s * ZB  , s *Dop`` , <pK0  Hb4( , <0L Hb4( , <L0 Hb4( , <M Hb4(Z , s *9 Z , s *Pp9 ZB , s *DoPZ , s *9 ZB , s *DopZ , s *Pp9 ZB , s *DoP , <pN   Hb4( , <0O 0  Hb4( , <O   Hb4(Z , s *) I Z  , s *P) pI ZB !, s *Do P Z ", s *) I ZB #, s *Dop   ', <P 0  Hb4( (, <pQ   Hb4(Z ), s * ) Z *, s *P p) ZB +, s *Do P  /, <@   Hb4(Z 0, s *0 1, < F 70.1 2, <`IP0  70.1 3, < Y @  650 4, <ࢭd i P  ;100,000 5, <   > >1,000,000 < , c $޽h ? ̙33o     d(  d d <Mj LEvidence for chitin oligosaccharide signaling in early animal development:MM M d <7 1 > z d <७fj In Xenopus laevis the developmentally regulated protein, DG42, is homologous to Nod C, the enzyme that synthesizes the chitin backbone of the Nod factors in rhizobia.4 , d <`f},$DҠ FDG42 is only expressed between the gastrula and neurulaation stages.GG G6 d < f ,$DҠ BDG42 can direct the synthesis of chitin oligosaccharides in vitro.&C8  Cf d <ਭ fj ,$DҠ Chitin oligosaccharides can be synthesized by extracts of gastrulation stage embryos of cyprinid fishes (zebra fish and carp). ] d < f,$DҠ wMicroinjection of fertilized eggs with antibodies against DG42 leads to severe defects in trunk and tail development.xx xH d 0޽h ? ̙33K 'F8(  8 8 <P aOligogalacturonides 8 <P n - isolated from plant cell walls!! ^B 8 6> 0` 8 <P`  G= Galacturonic acid8 $  F8$  8 <p  n:Serve as signals in both defense and in plant development ;;fB 8 6>pB  8 <0/i Ha4(fB  8 6>BZB  8 s *Dop *8 < ?i Ha4(fB +8 6>BZB ,8 s *Do -8 <0Oi Ha4(fB .8 6> BZB /8 s *Do  08 <p@_ i Ha4(fB 18 6>0  BZB 28 s *Do0  38 <0P o i Ha4(fB 48 6>@  BZB 58 s *Do @  68 <`  i Ha4(fB 78 6>P BZB 88 s *Do P  98 <pi Ha4(fB :8 6>`BZB ;8 s *Do` <8 <pi Ha4(fB =8 6>pBZB >8 s *Dop ?8 <0i Ha4(fB @8 6>BZB A8 s *Do B8 <r $Y  zFDEFENSE: Usually need DP of 10-14 to elicit phytoalexin accumulation.GG C8 <@S=   j6DEVELOPMENT: Different DP elicit different responses.77 D8 <R=  QDP = degree of polymerization  E8 <T=` H Other oligosaccharide signals in early plant and animal development*9! I IB 8 s *޽h ? ̙33 4:<P(  < 8 `  <R  ZR < s *pp < B@V=0  :b4 < BW=   :b4 < BW=` s  :b4ZR < s *  pZR < s * ` pZR < s *P  pTB  < c $D@0 TB  < c $D  TB  < c $D  `R  < 0Ԕ`o   < <X=! @  Ha2( < <@Y= Ha6(`R < 0Ԕ `  < <Z=  Ha6(`R < 0ԔQ `  < <Z=" A  Ha6( < <[= p3 W Hb2(Z2 < s *fP  `R < 0ԔP  P < <@\=` Z hXyloglucan nonasaccharide: < <]=@&  PConcentrations of 10-8 M inhibit auxin-induced elongation of stem fragments.6Q ; < <= k  [Hyaluronan fragments: E F 0@  < ) J  !< <A ??`  "< <A ??Zf  #< B= :b4 $< B=J] \b3ZB %< s *DoP @  &< <A ??i  '< <A ??cP   (< B =4G  \b3ZB )< s *Do@ 0  *< <A ?? f   +< <A ?? `@  ,< B=$ 7  \b3ZB -< s *Do  ZB .< s *Do  ZB /< s *Do0    0< B =- @  :b4|N 0P@ 1< 0P@ZB 2< s *Do0@ZB 3< s *Do@P@ZB 4< s *Do0P0|N 0P@ 5<C  0P @ZB 6< s *Do0@ZB 7< s *Do@P@ZB 8< s *Do0P0 9< <=   Gn  :< <@=`P jActivate antigen presenting cells and other proinflammatory responses, signal cell motility and adhesionkk k< < c $޽h ? ̙33-     m (    < =J0}j X Innate immunity! (  <=r, xDependent on proteins and phagocytic cells that recognize conserved features of pathogens that are absent in the host.yy y  <=x _,$DҠ s/Found in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants.00 0   B=D 0,$DҠ e Pattern recognition receptors      <=9( ,$DҠ r.Recognize pathogen-associated immunostimulants// /  <p= Lq ,$DҠ t0Peptidoglycan cell wall and flagella of bacteria11 13  <0=4g,$DҠ EExamples of repeating patterns that often occur on pathogen surfaces  FD F  <= xp ,$DҠ p,Lipopolysaccharide on Gram-negative bacteria-- -   <=y  ` ,$DҠ l(Teichoic acids on Gram-positive bacteria)) ).  <p= ,$DҠ @Chitin, glucan and other polysaccharides in cell walls of fungi  A? 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